Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of the microcontroller that executes instructions.
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers (MCUs)
Microcontrollers are the heart of countless embedded systems, from simple IoT devices to complex automotive systems.
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller (MCU) is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. Unlike general-purpose computers that can run multiple applications, microcontrollers are designed for specific control applications.
Key Components
Memory
- Flash Memory - Stores the program code
- RAM - Temporary data storage during execution
- EEPROM - Non-volatile data storage
Input/Output (I/O) Peripherals
- GPIO pins for digital input/output
- ADC for analog signal conversion
- Communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C)
- Timers and PWM generators
Popular MCU Families
Arduino-Compatible
- Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) - Perfect for beginners
- Arduino Nano - Compact form factor
- ESP32 - WiFi and Bluetooth enabled
Professional Development
- STM32 - ARM Cortex-M based, highly capable
- PIC Microcontrollers - Microchip's versatile family
- MSP430 - Ultra-low power applications